Psychology – Career

Some Career Choices for the Psychology Student

When you earn a BS or BA degree in psychology, you make yourself
attractive to many employers. Employers like psychology graduates
because these graduates bring many valuable resources. These resources
include:

an extensive understanding of human behavior that can be applied in many different settings
well developed listening and communication skills
an ability to collaborate with a wide variety of people
an openness to learn new knowledge and skills
an ability to gather, organize, critique, synthesize, and evaluate information
an ability to analyze and solve problems
a knowledge of basic statistics
excellent computer skills in word processing, graphics, and statistics
and an ability to write and speak effectively.

Fields of Work

When you earn an undergraduate degree in psychology, you can find work in a wide variety of fields. These fields include:

Business and Industry
College and University Administration and Services
Education
Human Resources and Training
Law Enforcement
Residential Work and Day Care
Probation and Correctional Treatment
Science and Research

Individuals
in these fields provide direct and indirect services to help a wide
variety of clients better manage their problems, resolve crises, take
advantage of their opportunities, get along with others, and obtain
needed benefits and services. Workers in this field also take care of a
variety of administrative, record keeping, and financial tasks. They
work in a wide variety of settings, such as hospitals, rehabilitation
programs, outpatient clinics, shelters, and group homes.

Going on to Graduate School

Once
you earn your bachelor’s degree in psychology, you are prepared to
apply to many different types of graduate programs at both the masters
and doctoral level.

Earning a masters degree generally takes 2
years of full-time study. Earning a doctoral degree generally takes 4
to 8 years of full-time study and may entail additional supervised
professional experience.

As a psychology graduate, you can also
apply to graduate programs in many fields other than psychology. In
fact, more psychology graduates go to graduate school in fields outside
of psychology than within psychology. Some of these fields include law,
ministry and theology, business, sociology and education. With
additional course work you can also apply to nursing and medical
schools.

As you can see, with an undergraduate degree in
psychology, you can further your education in many different fields and
qualify for a wide range of graduate programs. This makes the degree an
extremely versatile one. The psychology department at Villa Julie
college reviews all these options with you in our sophomore-level
course called Professional Development. Additionally, if you decide you
want to go to graduate school, the psychology faculty will help you
navigate the application process.

CAREERS WITH AN UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE

Admissions Counselor – Admissions Counselors’ careers might include conducting interviews,
answering correspondence and telephone inquiries, advising prospective
students and their parents on admissions policies and academic
requirements, providing high school and community college counselors,
prospective students and parents, faculty and staff with information on
admissions policies, procedures and decisions. Other duties include:
assisting in on-campus recruiting activities, reviewing applications,
writing letters and reports to area high schools, and working with
other admissions staff.

Compensation/Benefits Administrator
- Develops and designs compensation and benefit programs that help
organizations attract and motivate employees. Within these programs,
some activities performed are: setting up pay structures, reviewing
other benefit programs, setting up and administering wage/salary and
benefit programs.

Criminal Justice/Probation and Corrections – Individuals who work in probation supervise offenders who have been
released from prison on parole or probation. They also conduct pretrial
investigations, arrange for substance abuse treatment and job training,
write presenting reports for the court, make sentencing recommendations
and testify in court for their clients.

Individuals who work in
corrections works in either jails and prisons or in parole and
probation agencies. They write and evaluate treatment plans, write case
reports, and plan educational and training programs.

Education – One of the most obvious career fields for a recent college graduate is
education. Education is a broad field itself, ranging from traditional
classroom teaching at the secondary and collegiate levels to more
creative teaching formats.

Employee Relations Specialist
- Interviews employees to gather information on their attitudes towards
work environments and supervision received in order to have solutions
to any problems that they may mention.

Event Planner
- Event planners arrange, implement and negotiate all of the logistical
arrangements for conventions, parties, conferences, concerts, or any
other kind of social, recreational, educational, cultural, political or
governmental event.

Guidance Counselor
- Vocational, personal, and educational counselors generally work with
individual students and families to provide career, personal, and
educational counseling — including college admissions, entrance
testing, and financial aid. Counseling usually requires a masters’
degree in counseling and state certification. Often subject teachers
will become counselors.

Human Resources – Human Resource personnel are the mediators between employers and
employees. They have to be organized, analytical, business-minded, and
interested in serving people’s needs.

Insurance Agent
- Contacts new prospects to sell insurance and explains features and
merits of policies offered. Suggests changes that should be made in
client’s existing insurance program.

Loan Officer
- Examines, evaluates, and authorizes approval of customer application
for lines of credit (credit cards, households, commercial, or real
estate). May also buy or sell contracts and supervise loan approvals.

Management – Entry-level management jobs often appeal to a variety of students who
are unsure of the direction they want their careers to take. They may
oversee contracts, schedules, budgets, inventory, research data, and
Human Resource requests. They are often the focal point for customer
communications and interface.

Marketing, Sales and Advertising – People working in marketing, sales and advertising are involved with
the most important activity of any business or institution–the
effective and profitable delivery of a service or product. Managers in
these areas supervise the various departments, devise the marketing
strategy, and oversee promotions and sales. They must be organized and
enthusiastic about the product and company. While employers value
business courses, internships, and experience, many seek personnel who
also have a strong liberal arts background.

Public Relations – Public relations specialists establish, maintain, and promote the image
and reputation of a business or institution. They insure good
communication between the business and the consumer, the community, and
government. They must be tactful and able to balance the interests of
various groups. They provide information about the company and,
depending on size and the nature of the business, they handle all areas
of publicity connected with the business. An internship is a good way
to gain experience and learn the responsibilities of this job.

Researcher – Straight out of college, students may find employment opportunities
doing research for documentary films, brochures and exhibits at
historic sites and museums, and documents to help business or
government agencies understand their past when making decisions that
will shape the future. Graduate study may also be required for certain
research positions.

Student Services – Working in the field of student services usually implies a job on a
college campus in the area of campus life. Student services departments
develop, direct and supervise the programs for student life within the
college or residential community.

Technical Writer
- Technical writers must understand the field they are writing about
and be able to translate that information into language that is easy to
understand. They write manuals, instructions and proposals, and
promotion materials. They also research, write, and edit technical
material, illustrations, catalogs, and charts. Additionally,
technically writers must have the ability to handle multiple projects,
and couple with that a “get the job done” attitude.

CAREERS WITH A GRADUATE DEGREE

Academic Psychologist – To become an academic psychologist, you need to earn a doctorate in one
of the major subfields in psychology. These subfields include clinical
psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology, community
psychology, health and biological psychology, personality, cognition,
learning and research.

As an academic psychologist, you will
work, most likely, in a college or university, teaching students and
doing research. With additional experience, you can also move into
academic administration.

Experimental or Research Psychologist
- To become an experimental or research psychologist, you need to earn
either a masters or doctoral degree in experimental or research
psychology. You can then apply your knowledge and skills in research
design and analysis in a wide range of settings: colleges and
universities, businesses, nonprofit organizations, hospitals, and the
government.

Forensic Psychologist
- To become a forensic psychologist, you need to earn either a masters
or doctoral degree in forensic psychology or receive special training
after obtaining a graduate degree in another area of psychology.

As
a forensic psychologist, you can apply psychology to the law, the legal
system, and law enforcement. You can do assessments and evaluations of
offenders, screen personnel, consult, do research, serve as an expert
witness in court, profile criminals, and provide clinical services to
offenders. You can work with the courts, attorneys, the police and
other institutions involved with security, correctional facilities,
prisons, and organizations that make public policy.

Industrial-Organizational or Applied Psychologist
- To become an Industrial-Organizational (I-O) or Applied Psychologist,
you need to earn either a masters or a doctoral degree in I-O or
applied psychology.

As an I-O or applied psychologist, you can
help businesses recruit, hire, retain, manage, and promote their
employees; improve productivity; increase employee satisfaction,
commitment, and motivation; perform research; and plan management
policy.

Licensed Psychologist – To become a licensed psychologist, you need to earn a doctoral degree in either clinical psychology or counseling psychology.

As
a licensed psychologist, you can provide psychotherapy, do
psychological testing, teach in a college or university, do research,
administrate a wide variety of programs, and serve as a consultant to
schools, businesses, the courts, and non-profit organizations.

Professional Counselor
- Generally, to become a professional counselor, you will need to earn
at least a master’s degree in one of the many different types of
counseling programs.

As a counselor, you can provide counseling
and psychotherapy to help a wide variety of people better manage a wide
variety of problems.

There are many different types of counselors. Some of these types are:

Marriage & Family Therapists
School & Educational Counselors
Mental Health Counselors
Rehabilitation Counselors
Career, Employment & Vocational Counselors
Gerontological Counselors
Substance Abuse Counselors

School Psychologist – To become a school psychologist, you need to earn either a masters or a doctoral degree in school psychology.

As
a school psychologist, you can help children and adolescents succeed in
school by addressing their academic, social, and emotional needs. You
will spend most of your time assessing students and consulting with
parents, teachers, and school administrators. You may also do some
individual counseling, group and organizational interventions,
research, and public presentations. Most likely, you will work in the
public schools.

Social Worker – To become a social worker, you need to earn a MSW (Masters of Social Work) degree.

As
a social worker, you can assist children, adults, and families better
manage a wide variety of issues and problems. In addition, you can
administrate programs, develop policy, write grants, do research, and
even set up your own private practice in counseling.

- http://apps.vjc.edu/career-choices/psychology.cfm

50 Best Jobs in America

What makes a great job? High pay. Great prospects. And work that–even on a tough day–gives you a charge.

Tara Kalwarski, Daphne Mosher, Janet Paskin and Donna Rosato

April 25, 2006: 4:49 PM EDT

(MONEY Magazine) – Forget “plastics.” Today’s career advice, in a
word: computers. In two words: health care. Job opportunities in those
fields will abound over the next decade, according to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. And many of them will offer high pay–and high
satisfaction too. That explains why, by the reckoning of MONEY and the
compensation experts at Salary.com, technology and health care account
for nearly a third of the 50 Best Jobs in America. Besides crunching
numbers on job growth and pay, we graded jobs on stress level,
flexibility in work environment and hours, creativity, and ease of
entry and advancement in the field. America’s top job? Look to your
right and read why that man is smiling. This Guy Has the Best Job in
America Don’t You Just Hate Him? Mark Dochtermann, 34 DIRECTOR OF
TECHNOLOGY ELECTRONIC ARTS

“When I saw my first computer, it was love at first sight. As a kid
I spent a lot of time on a Commodore 64, writing my own programs,
figuring out games, hacking. You can learn an awful lot about
programming doing that. I majored in computer engineering but never
thought I could work in the game industry–it was a dream job.

How much money does a psychologist earn?

In: Salary and Pay Rates

Psychologists’ Earnings

It varies – depending on location, experience, education, etc.

According to http://www.apa.org/monitor/mar00/facts.html about $60,000 – $80,000+ – information is almost six years old though.

According to http://swz.salary.com/salarywizard/layouthtmls/swzl_compresult_national_HC07000044.html generally $65,000 – $85,000

According to http://www.bls.gov/k12/social04.htm $1138,000 – $1165,000

Here is more input:

There are WIDE variations in part because psychologist is
a fairly broad term – pay is going to vary depending on where one
practices and what kind of practice one has, not to mention education,
etc. For instance, a psychologist in NY is going to make a lot more
money, probably, than a psychologist in a small town in the Appalachian
mountains. On the other hand the latter’s cost of living is MUCH lower.
Also, you don’t state what country you are talking about. I just
assumed USA, because it was easier. I just went into Google and
searched with the terms psychologist and pay. You might also want to
check with your local library. Narrow down your question, if possible,
for more accurate results.

The median expected salary for a typical psychologist in the United States is $72,487.

There are too many different ranges of psychology to put
it simply. But, generally, they get that money flowin’! I’m suggesting
around $50,000+ salary. It most definitely could be higher but it
depends in what field of study and if the demand is high. However,
that’s if your willing to spend several years on psychology education.
But it all “pays off” and it’s definitely worth it.

Most careers in pyschiatry earn up to about $163,144. Due
to the fact that psychiatrists are doctoral level professionals you
would or should be expecting to make up to more than 100k.

Psychiatry is much different than psychology. A
psychiatrist is a medical doctor that can prescribe medicine to his/her
patients. Most psychiatrists no longer provide therapy but tend to
treat mental disorders by prescribing and managing medication. A
psychologist holds a PhD or a PsyD (Doctor of Psychology) and treats
mental disorders using psychotherapy. The tend to make much less than a
psychiatrist. Depending on where they work…(private practice,
hospitals, schools) psychologist salaries range from 20,000 to well,
well over 100,000. There is no real median.

Psychologists can be paid very different salaries and
rates. Some of the best therapists charge their clients hundreds of
dollars per hour. Counselors at clinics and non-profit organizations
might make minimum wage. The best income in the field goes to
psychiatrists, who have an MD.

Some psychologists work for the state in administrative
positions, evaluating people at prisons and mental health facilities.
Others may work at state employment service or other state facilities
that need psychologists. The specific dollar numbers vary from state to
state. Some psychologists work for private industry and some are self
employed. The pay scale varies greatly, partially depending on the
opportunities that came to the psychologist and partly depending on the
skill of the psychologist. Some psychologists who work in a private
office can make a very good living, but like most professions, only the
best will be able to make the top dollars. If you aren’t very good you
won’t get many customers in a private practice situation. If you ARE
very good, you can set your own price and you’ll still get people
pounding on your door to give you money.

The median salary for a psychologist in Denver, Co for
example is $78, 668 per year. Try www.monster.com and you can refine
your search to any city in the US. The career section allows you to
search for this data and its free.

The range can vary from $20,000 a year to $100,000 a year,
depending on what and where they practice. Check out salary.com or the
occupational outlook handbook online for all kinds of salaries.

— http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_much_money_does_a_psychologist_earn

Guide to Psychology Jobs

Find the top resources for a rewarding career in psychology

By LaRita M. Heet

Info on Psychology Jobs

Licensing is required in order to pursue a psychology career.
Many psychology degree programs allow you to specialize in a particular area of psychology.
Search online listings for psychology jobs in your specialty.

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the overall employment of
psychologists is expected to grow faster than other occupations through
2014. Whether you’re considering pursuing a career in psychology, or
want to work toward a specific psychology degree, it’s never too soon –
or too late – to look into psychology education, psychology internship
programs or psychology career opportunities.

Here are the top things to know about a career in psychology:

Psychology licensing requirements and psychology internship mandates vary by state and by psychology degree.
Find psychology jobs, psychology internship programs and career advice through psychology associations and organizations.
A
career in psychology may include counseling jobs, social work jobs,
research appointments, academic positions and consulting jobs.

Action Steps

The best contacts and resources to help you get it done

A psychology degree and a license are required to pursue a career in psychology
For your psychology education, choose colleges and universities that
also offer career placement opportunities. Professional continuing
education and state licensing are also required for psychologists.

I recommend:
At All Star Directories’ All Psychology Schools,
you can find traditional colleges and universities offering psychology
degree programs as well as online institutions offering opportunities
for a psychology education. For information about your state licensing
requirements, check out the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards.

Participate in psychology internship programs and obtain certification
Before landing psychology jobs, you usually have to complete some form
of psychology internship. In addition, you may want to seek
certification as a specialist as you pursue your career in psychology.

I recommend:
The Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC)
provides a directory where you can search for psychology internship
programs or postdoctoral programs. For information about psychology
degree certifications, visit the American Board of Professional Psychology.

Take advantage of psychology career resources
The American Psychological Association (APA) accredits doctoral
training and advanced degree programs to prepare you for clinical
psychology jobs, school counseling jobs or social work career. The APA
also offers continuing psychology education resources and psychology
career assistance.

I recommend:
Visit the American Psychological Association (APA) for numerous psychology career resources. The APA’s Online Career Center, PsycCareers,
is a great resource for all things related to a career in psychology –
you can post your résumé, search listings of psychology jobs and find
professional development opportunities.

Pursue a specialized psychology career according to your interests
Psychology specialties include forensic, clinical, industrial and
educational psychology, as well as marriage and family counseling,
school counseling and social work. Search for psychology jobs where you
can use your specialized psychology education and training.

I recommend:
Go to PracticeLink,
the online physician job bank and search for psychology jobs through
the “Physician Job Search.” The Social Psychology Network’s Online Psychology Career Center
is a terrific one-stop shop for job seekers, offering listings of
psychology jobs, psychology internship programs and psychology career
resources. Find counseling and social work resources at Business.com.

Search for psychology jobs in myriad industries
A career in psychology doesn’t always involve counseling jobs. You can
also find jobs in psychology as a researcher, an academic or as a
consultant to other industries.

I recommend:
For a modest registration fee, Jobs in Psychology lets you search thousands of psychology jobs in a variety of industries and settings.

Tips & Tactics

Helpful advice for making the most of this Guide

Earning
an advanced psychology degree takes time – four years for a Bachelor’s
degree, two years for a Master’s degree and four to six years for a
Doctoral degree.
Get help creating your résumé from psychology career specialists, colleagues or faculty advisors.
When looking for psychology jobs, make sure your personality matches that of the institution or employer.

– http://www.business.com/directory/health_care/mental_health/psychology/employment/

————————————————————————————————-

Specific

Some Exciting Areas
in Applied Psychology

Listed in the left-hand panel are ten
exciting areas in applied psychology that you may want to consider in career
planning. Many areas are inherently interdisciplinary, requiring study or
specific courses outside of psychology.

Aviation

Clinical/Counseling

Consumer Behavior

Education

Environmental Issues

Health

Human Factors

Legal Issues

Sports

Workplace Issues/Industrial Organizational

http://www.wcupa.edu/_ACADEMICS/sch_cas.psy/career.htm

Careers in Industrial Organizational
Psychology

Introduction

INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONAL (I/O) PSYCHOLOGY
is the study of behavior in work settings. I/O psychology is very important
in the workplace for promoting productive worker attitudes and behaviors
and for selecting and promoting candidates in the most effective fashion
. More and more companies are hiring I/O psychologists to come in and help
revamp certain aspects of their company. It seems that today there is a great
demand for equal employment, equal pay and an enjoyable yet productive
environment. With these thoughts in mind, the demand for I/O psychologists
is increasing rapidly. With this increase it is important that people have
a general understanding of how I/O psychology came to be, how to become an
I/O psychologist and what the future is expecting of I/O psychologists.

A Brief History

I/O psychology is a relatively recent subfield of psychology. In fact it
did not become fully productive until about the late 1920’s. Before the late
1920’s many people had started to improve the workplace. Differential psychology,
which became popular during WW I, was the start of improving the workplace.
It focused in on how people are different but was not very successful in
helping with ones job. The second idea was experimental psychology. This
branch attempted to treat everyone as the same and tried to define laws in
how people are similar. It too failed. The third idea was scientific management.
This was the idea that there is only “one best way” to perform a job. It
was based on the fact that money is a motivator and left out the idea of
job satisfaction. The last factor that helped I/O psychology become prominent
was the human relations movement. This particular movement wanted to keep
people happy through motivation along with job satisfaction. It also led
to the Hawthorne Studies, which was the true start of I/O psychology.

The Hawthorne Studies were conducted from about 1927-1932 by Elton Mayo
at the Western Electric Company. Some results that came out of this study
were that a workplace must be seen as a social system not just a productive
system, that including workers in decision making process can reduce resistance
to change, and that individual work behavior is determined by a complex set
of factors.

Some Important Terms and
Definitions in I/O Psychology


	Validity			The accuracy of a measurement instrument. This helps tell if you are predicting what you want to predict. Unfortunately there can be many threats to your accuracy of measurement.
	Groups			Groups are extremely important in today’s workplace. In order to be defined as a group, the members need to be trying to achieve the same goal.
	Job Analysis			A job analysis is useful for describing what someone does at a particular job. It also helps in placing people in similar salaries, types of tests and performance appraisals.
	Performance Appraisals			Performance appraisals focus on evaluation of job incumbents to assess employees’ strengths and weaknesses and to identify appropriate pay raises.
	Affirmative Action			Affirmative action efforts are meant to ensure that members of all demographic groups receive equal employment opportunities in order to avoid discrimination in the workplace.

Some Interesting Subfields
Within I/O Psychology

The following table describes five important subfields within I/O psychology.
With each subtopic you can learn a little more about the area along with
being able to visit some different web pages about these topics.


	Performance Appraisals		Performance appraisal is one subfield that helps in assessing worker performance. It can provide information that is valid for pay increases, promotions ,and various other opportunities.
	Organizational Development		This subfield addresses change in the workplace and how a company goes about the transition process to new ways of managing things.
	Assessment Centers		This section focuses in on the idea of evaluating job applicants in a structured way in order to find the best fit for hiring and/or promotion.
	Leadership		This section talks about what makes a leader and what the different styles of leadership are.
	Training and Development		In this linked page, you can learn about different types of training and how companies go about providing training in the workplace.

A Typical Day Practicing
I/O Psychology

There are various jobs that one can choose to focus in on. One particular
job is that of providing training in the workplace. This job has been growing
over the years since companies have the need to provide training about various
topics. A typical day in which someone provides training can be very complicated.
One might start out with brainstorming with a group of managers about a certain
topic that they have been asked to teach, perhaps sexual harassment in the
workplace. Or one might start the day by siting in on a training session
so that they can teach other people what you have learned. Other parts of
your day could include teaching seminars or training courses about a particular
topic or putting together packets that talk about different areas that one
might need training in.

One’s day would also be packed with teaching and talking to people. This
shows that communication is one main aspect of being an I/O psychologist.
One has to be extremely organized and prepared to answer almost any type
of question. Other aspects of ones day could involve studying a certain job
to see what type of training would make a job run more smoothly or looking
through past research to help find the best training strategies on topics
that need to be taught. Your day can be very long, but in the end it is always
interesting to see the results of your training on other people.

Pros and Cons of a Career
in I/O Psychology

There are both potentially rewarding and frustrating aspects to working in
I/O psychology that need to be carefully considered before pursuing a career
in this field. It is important to understand that these pros and cons to
I/O psychology are not meant to scare you away from this particular field
but to help you better your understanding of this field.

Some Potential Attractions of Careers in I/O Psychology
	Many Opportunities	There are many career paths possible in I/O psychology. One can work for a human resource department, work in management or work for one main company while being staffed out to smaller companies.
	Challenges	I/O psychology also presents constant challenges because it is a relatively new field and people are still trying to learn more about people in the workplace.
	In Demand	Many companies are realizing that they need to increase job satisfaction and in order to do so they need I/O psychologists to help them out.
	Set Own Hours	If you choose to work on your own and provide help to various companies, you can have somewhat flexible hours that may fit in better with your daily routine.
	Can be Independent or Work for a Company	Often, you can choose to work by yourself by creating your own consulting firm or you can work with a large company and have a set salary and workday.

Some Potential Drawbacks of Careers in I/O Psychology
	Education	Often many of the jobs in I/O psychology require one to have a masters or a doctorate in I/O psychology.
	Risk of Burnout	Burnout may result unless people try different subfields in I/O psychology and/or try to regularly learn new things .
	Clients	If you are not a people person and do not like dealing with people, I/O psychology may not be for you. When working in I/O psychology, there often is an intense relationship with a client.
	Dependence on You	Another drawback is the fact that people depend on you to help their company. Often there is nothing you can do to help the company if the people in the company are not willing to change.
	Changing Settings	If you consult on your own, you are constantly working in new settings and/or situations in order to help client companies.

Education and Training
for Careers in I/O Psychology

THERE ARE VARIOUS KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS and ABILITIES
that one needs in order to pursue a career in I/O psychology.
One skill that is very important is communication. Another skill/ability
that one needs to have is the idea of organization. It does not matter if
you are teaching a large class of students or if you are interviewing one
person you have to be organized in the way that you do your work and plan
your day. If one is interested in consulting work, they would have to have
a great deal of knowledge and background in I/O psychology. They would have
to be able to look at a corporation and help them decide which training style
will best fit their company. This knowledge is very beneficial and if one
is willing to go through all the schooling it will definitely pay off.

WITH A BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN PSYCHOLOGY,
one can have numerous job opportunities. If I/O is what one is interested
in, human resource (HR) jobs could be appealing. These particular jobs involve
lots of interaction with people. For most companies, it is the HR department
that helps with the hiring of new employees, training of employees and benefits.
These particular jobs usually start from about $25,000 to about $28,000
(Salary Data). This pay range also depends
on the type of background skills one might have. For instance, if you have
been certified in healthcare/insurance information, you would be considered
to be an HR specialist in insurance and might have a higher pay range. If
you do not focus in on any particular topic you would be considered an HR
generalist and would be participating in small aspects of various different
jobs, ie. interviewing, training, benefits and recruiting. With a bachelor’s
degree, there is room for promotion but if you wanted to move on to management,
you would most likely have to continue your education to the masters level.

WITH A MASTER’S DEGREE IN I/O PSYCHOLOGY,
one has many more choices when it comes to job opportunities.With this degree
one could start off their career working as an HR specialist. They could
also focus their career on working for a consulting firm, teaching at a
university or devoting their life to research in I/O psychology. The pay
ranges for this degree start at about $30,000 and work their way up to about
$40,000. If one chooses to move up to management, the salary could reach
about $50,000 to $80,000 (Salary Data).
Some typical job titles with a master’s degree are Senior Research Consultant,
HR Consulting Assistant or Employee Relations Manager.

Some Terminal Master’s Degree Programs for Pursuing a Career in I/O Psychology
	I/O Psychology at West Chester University	This program is designed for students with interests in Human Resources, business and industry. It also prepares students for doctoral programs in I/O.
	I/O Psychology at University of North Texas	This program offers concentrations in Personnel Psychology, Consulting, and Employee Counseling.
	I/O Psychology at Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis	This program gives both an industry and doctoral program background in a work related research teaching style along with applying problem solving skills.
	I/O Psychology at Rensselaer Polytechnical	This program focuses on traditional personnel psychology along with traditional organizational psychology. It also allows you to individualize your studies.

WITH A DOCTORAL DEGREE IN I/O PSYCHOLOGY,
the amount of education and experience needed increases along with the pay.
In order to pursue a doctoral degree in I/O psychology, one must first have
both a BA/BS and a master’s degree in a related field. Often one can participate
in a doctoral program while receiving their master’s at the same time. There
are many different doctoral programs but most of them require you to spend
a year working on an internship along with writing a dissertation. Some typical
job titles that people with doctoral degrees in I/O psychology have are
research/senior scientist, organizational development leader and a professor
working on a tenure track position. With these type of positions one would
be performing job and task analysis assessments, managing company’s consulting
practice or teaching college students. A typical salary can start at about
$40,000 (Salary Data).

Some Doctoral Degree Programs for Pursuing a Career in I/O Psychology
	I/O Psychology at the University of Tulsa	This program also allows choices of specialization (e.g., business, law).
	I/O Psychology at University of Connecticut	This program h applies personnel and/or human factors psychology to problems of business, government and industry.
	Philosophy and I/O Psychology at Old Dominion University	The program combines philosophy and I/O psychology in approaching personnel issues, training, organizational psychology, and human factors.

Employment Resources for
I/O Psychology

There are many different resources one can use to find out more about I/O
psychology. One can look on the internet for more information, contact a
faculty member that has specialized in this field or contact a consulting
firm that deals with this type of work. Often these sources can have a big
impact on helping you decide if this field is right for you and what type
of jobs exist in the field.

Some Resources for Exploring Careers and Career Prospects in I/O Psychology
	Human Resources	This site is designed only to help people find positions in Human Resources.
	Society for Human Resource Management	This site provides access to various job levels in Human Resources, many of which are management level positions.
	Careers in Psychology	At this site, one can find a list of all types of jobs offered to psychology majors.
	Jobs for Human Resources	This site provides a targeted search for careers in human resources.

Learning More About I/O
Psychology

This section provides information to help you learn more about I/O psychology.
The web sites listed below help you to learn more about aspects of research
that have been previously published along with past history and research
that has been done.

Some General Resources for Learning More about I/O Psychology
	Society for Industrial Organizational Psychology (SIOP)	SIOP provides information about past and recent research that has been published about I/O psychology. It also has job postings.
	American Psychological Association (APA)	This web site provides archival descriptions about I/O psychology.
	I/O Psychology	This link provides a list of various web sites one can visit to find out more about I/O psychology and sub-areas of human resource management, organizational psychology and statistics.

Outlook

With training and team building becoming a large part of the business world,
I/O psychology is also becoming a large part of the business world. Many
companies are looking to hire full time I/O psychologists or consulting firms
to help their company keep up with new technology. With this demand increasing,
so are the number of jobs in this field. According to the
Business of Labor Statistics,
I/O psychology is likely to remain competitive through 2008. They say that
employment demand is high in consulting firms and personnel supply and that
in the future it is likely that small business will be looking for human
resource specialists. The one thing that may hold back the increase in I/O
jobs is technology. However, the I/O field nevertheless looks productive
for the next eight years or more.

Summary

Industrial Organizational psychology is a rapidly growing field. There are
many new opportunities in this field which help make it appealing to many.
If one chooses to become involved in this particular career, they will have
a vast array of opportunities to explore. Although a higher education seems
mandatory in this field ,it is not necessary. One can enjoy a job in the
work force without having a complete background in I/O psychology. In fact
there seem to be numerous positions available in human resources and other
related fields that work closely with the ideas that I/O psychologists work
with.

Acknowledgments

This page was created by Lauren P. Morris as a project for a Senior Seminar
in Psychology (PSY400) class taught by Dr. Arvid J. Bloom at
West Chester University in Spring 2000.
The author is particularly grateful for the assistance of Dr. Catherine Renner,
Dr. Stefani Yorges, and Mr. Lee Sprague.

http://www.wcupa.edu/_ACADEMICS/sch_cas.psy/Career_Paths/Industrial/Career06.htm

Sports
Psychology

Introduction

SPORT PSYCHOLOGY is (a) the study of the
psychological and mental factors that influence and are influenced by
participation and performance in sport, exercise, and physical activity,
and (b) the application of the knowledge gained through this study to everyday
settings.

Sport psychology professionals are interested in how participation in sport,
exercise, and physical activity may enhance personal development and well-being
throughout the life span. Sport psychologists are also involved in assisting
coaches in working with athletes as well as helping improve athletes’ motivation.

A Brief History

It was not until 1920 that the world’s first sport psychology laboratory
was founded by Carl Diem at the Deutsche Sporthochschule in Berlin Germany.
Five years later, in 1925, A.Z. Puni opened a sport psychology laboratory
at the Institute of Physical Culture in Leningrad. That same year, Cloman
Griffith of the University of Illinois established the first sport psychology
laboratory in North America. Griffith had begun his research into psychological
factors that affect sport performance in 1918, and in 1923 he offered the
first course in sport psychology. Griffith was interested in the effects
on athletic performance of factors such as reaction time, mental awareness,
muscular tension and relaxation, and personality. He then published two books,
The Psychology of Coaching (1926) — the first book in sport psychology
– and The Psychology of Athletes (1928) . Because of the financial
constraints imposed through the Great Depression, Griffith’s laboratory closed
in 1932.

In North America, little or no research in sport psychology took place between
the closing of Griffith’s laboratory and the 1960’s. Then rather quickly,
physical education departments in many institutions began to offer courses
in sport psychology, and graduate programs began to appear.

Important as these developments were, the most significant stimulus to the
growth of sport psychology was the formation of academic societies and scholarly
journals devoted to professionals in this emerging in this field. In 1965,
the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) was formed by scientists
from across Europe; its first international congress was held that same year
in Rome. Several scientists from North America who attended this first ISSP
meeting were asked to consider hosting the next international congress. In
1966, a group of sport psychologists met in Chicago to discuss the formation
of a society for sport psychology. They became became known as the North
American Society of Sport Psychology and Physical Activity (NASPSPA).

The first scholarly journal devoted to sport psychology, the International
Journal of Sport Psychology, was established in 1970, followed in 1979
by the Journal of Sport Psychology.

Increasing interest in conducting sport psychology research in settings outside
the laboratory triggered formation of the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology
(AAASP) in 1985 and focused more directly on applied psychology in both the
health field and sport contexts.

Some Important Terms in Sport Psychology
	Cohesion	Whenever a team has done well and they are asked, What factors contributed to their success, someone always says, “We got along well all season.” In team sports, team cohesion is a large part of success. Team members need to have mutual respect for each other and accept the faults of teammates.
	Imagery	Using Imagery is really quite simple: you picture yourself performing a sport in your mind. Most importantly however, is that you picture yourself performing correctly and with excellence.
	Confidence	Sport psychologists help athletes with self-confidence. To perform beyond what they have accomplished before, athletes need to believe that they are capable of going further.
	Motivation	Intrinsic motivation comes from inside the athlete or person. They do something because it makes them feel good, or they develop a sense of pride after accomplishing a goal. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside, money, and awards such as trophies or medals are extrinsic. Both types of motivation are important to consider.
	Attentional Focus	Lack of attentional focus is probably the most common problem of novice athletes. Being able to block out the crowd, the other team, or our own personal lives can be very challenging at times.

Some Interesting
Subfields

Several career paths exist for an individual interested in the field of sport
psychology. Typically, those entering the field enter one of several tracks
of preparation.

Some Interesting Subfields Within Sport Psychology
	Track I	Teaching/research in sport sciences and working with athletes on performance enhancement.
	Track II	Teaching/Research in psychology and also working with athletes.
	Track III	Providing clinical/counseling services to various populations, Including Athletes.
	Track IV	Health promotion and working with athletes, but not necessarily directly in sport psychology.
	Sport Psychology and Coaching of Youths	Youth sport organizations may employ a sport psychology professional to educate coaches about how to increase the satisfaction and enjoyment of participants and about coaches’ roles in promoting development of self-esteem.

A Typical Day Practicing
Sport Psychology

The activities of a particular sport psychology professional will vary based
on the practitioner’s specific interests and training. Some may focus primarily
on conducting research and on educating others about sport psychology. Typically,
these individuals teach at colleges and universities and, in some cases,
also work with athletes, coaches, or athletic administrators. They provide
education as well as develop and implement programs designed to maximize
the overall well-being of sport, exercise, and physical activity participants.

Other professionals may focus primarily applying sport psychology knowledge.
These individuals are typically more interested in the enhancement of sport,
exercise, and physical activity performance or enjoyment. They may consult
with a broader range of clients and may serve in an educational or counseling
role.

Pros and Cons of a Career
in Sport Psychology

There are both potentially rewarding and frustrating aspects to working in
sport psychology that need to be considered before pursuing a career in this
field. Devotion and dedication are a must, if you are courageous enough to
pursue a career in this profession and achieve success, the rewards can be
extremely gratifying. .

Some Potential Attractions of Careers in Sport Psychology
	Helping Others	The profession offers the opportunity to assist others in a variety of ways.
	Team Environment	The sense of belonging to a team can be very rewarding for many people.
	Seeing Hard Work Pay Off	Correcting particular problems or helping individual accomplish goals can be very satisfying.
	Mental/Physical Interaction	Nurturing the unique interaction between the physical and psychological processes can facilitate balance in one’s life.
	Diversity	the profession offers a unique opportunity to explore many fields besides psychology.

Some Potential Drawbacks of Careers in Sport Psychology
	Intense Schooling	Rigorous academic demands at the graduate and doctorate levels can be exhausting.
	Demanding work hours	Frequent long hours may be required, depending on the client.
	Burnout	Burnout is very common in this field due to the long hours and stressful situations encountered.
	Narrow Career Opportunities	There is not very much room for career diversity, especially for non-sports oriented individuals.
	Low Paying Jobs	Salaries tend not to be competitive with other areas of applied psychology.

Education and Training
for a Career in Sport Psychology

NEEDED SKILLS, ABILITIES, and KNOWLEDGE:
Surveys and interviews with athletes, coaches, and sport psychologists suggest
that an effective sport psychologist (1) possesses a knowledge of psychology
and of sport along with the ability to apply psychology to sport, (2) has
a likable personality, (3) shows a concern and care for athletes and coaches,
(4) has the ability to establish good working relationships with athletes
and coaches, (5) models team-based behaviors, and (6) expresses a willingness
to learn from athletes and coaches.

OPTIONS AND PAY RANGES WITH A BACHELOR’S
DEGREE: The best option for someone at this level is to do some
sort of internship and becoming involved with a sports team. If paying positions
are available, they tend to be in the $18-22K starting range (1999 figures).

OPTIONS AND PAY RANGES WITH A MASTER’S DEGREE:
Many jobs are available for those with masters degrees in this
subfield. Nonetheless, people who want to utilize a broad range of skills
need a doctoral degree for optimum success. To work independently, one needs
also need to be licensed by the state in they work. Typical 1999 pay is the
$28-32K starting range.

Some Terminal Master’s Degree Programs for Pursuing a Career in Sport Psychology
	School of Sport Psychology at Capella University	This institution sets a high standard on excellence, and is demonstrated through their very high graduate success rate.
	Kinesiology Graduate Program at University of Wisconsin-Madison	Graduate study in this program is based upon a psychobiological perspective.

OPTIONS AND PAY RANGES WITH A DOCTORAL
DEGREE: Most professional opportunities in sport psychology require
doctoral degrees from accredited colleges and universities. In addition,
students in counseling or clinical psychology doctoral programs usually complete
post-graduate internships (normally not in sport psychology) as part of their
education. Even if students with a masters degree complete sport psychology
internships, these graduates compete at a distinct disadvantage for the limited
number of full-time positions available in sport psychology.

Some Doctoral Degree Programs for Pursuing a Career in Sport Psychology
	Sport, Health, Leisure and Physical Studies at University of Iowa	This is an excellent program involving many different aspects of sport psychology.

Employment Resources for
Sport Psychology

The following list of resources should be helpful to those interested in
pursuing an career in this sport psychology.

Some Resources for Exploring Careers and Career Prospects in Sport Psychology
	Planning Your Career	Provides student information on numerous specialized areas of psychology.
	Career Information	Links to the APA Monitor for job openings.

Learning More About Sport
Psychology

To become more involved in sport psychology or learn more about the field,
it is useful to consider joining professional organizations and attending
their conferences, such as

APA Division 47,
The Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP),
The North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity
(NASPSPA), and
The International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP).

Some General Resources for Learning More about Sport Psychology
	Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP)	AAASP exists to promote theory development, research, and practice in applied sport and exercise psychology.
	American Psychological Association Division 47	Regulates and ensures that all ethical codes are met by those involved in the field of sport psychology.
	North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA)	NASPSPA is the oldest organization devoted to sport and exercise psychology in North America. It is comprised of three subareas devoted to motor development, motor learning and control, and social psychology and physical activity.

Outlook

Some opportunities in the sport psychology are available in the private sector
for the people with masters’ degrees. However not only are these opportunities
limited, but there is stiff completion from individuals holding doctorates
degrees. Many people who want to work as a sport psychologist aim tom work
for a sports team. The few individuals asked to do so almost always have
doctorates or postdoctoratal training and are employed at the university
level, which also involves teaching and conducting research. Opportunities
to consult on a full-time bases for sports teams are rare. Indeed, full-time
positions in sport psychology at any level-university or private sector are
limited.

Summary

Sport psychology can be considered a subdiscipline of Psychology as well
as Sport and Exercise Science. It is presumed to be an applied field whereby
the principles of psychology are transferred to settings including exercise
programs and organized sport. As an academic discipline, sport and exercise
psychology is the scientific study of people and their behavior in sport
and exercise contexts and involves such topics as personality, motivation,
attributions, arousal, leadership, and goal-setting. In essence, the field
is concerned with the psychological determinants of behavior in movement
situations as well as the psychological effects of sport engagement and physical
activity.

Acknowledgments

This page was created by Brian Haney as a project for a Senior Seminar in
Psychology (PSY400) class taught by Dr. Arvid J. Bloom at
West Chester University in Spring 2000.

http://www.wcupa.edu/_Academics/sch_cas.psy/Career_Paths/Sports/Career07.htm

Careers in Educational
Psychology

Introduction

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY focuses
on the study of learning outcomes, student attributes, and instructional
processes directly related to the classroom and the school, such as amount
of instructional time or individual differences in school learning. An
educational psychologist helps gather information for teachers and parents
when students have academic or behavioral problems. They assist by evaluating
students’ thinking abilities and assessing individual strengths and weaknesses.
Together, the parents, teachers, and educational psychologist formulate plans
to help students learn more effectively. Educational psychologists
work mostly in elementary and secondary school classrooms. They also may
work in other settings such as colleges, consulting organizations, corporations,
industry, the military, and religious institutions.

Other career tracks within educational psychology include being a school
psychologist or a school counselor. A school psychologist works with students,
teachers, parents, and administrators to resolve students’ learning and behavior
problems. They evaluate the effectiveness of academic programs, behavior
management procedures, and other services provided in school setting. School
counselors help people to accommodate to change or to make changes in their
lifestyle. They use techniques such as interviewing and testing to advise
people how to deal with problems of everyday living. They work in places
like university counseling centers, hospitals, high schools, and individual
or group practices.

A Brief History

Around 400 B.C., Aristotle and Plato considered many of the questions that
still concern educational psychologists and teachers: How do students learn?
What are the purposes of education? How much does home environment influence
learning? Should different students be educated differently? How much can
instruction influence moral, physical ,and emotional development?

The debate over the relative influences of heredity and environment still
concerns educational psychologists today as it did in earlier times. Rene
Descartes believed that knowledge was derived from the ideas with which people
were born, rather than experience. Englishman John Locke had a dramatically
different position, stating that children begin life as a tabla rasa or blank
slate, and all learning results from experience.

In the late 1800’s, the formal study of psychology began in the U. S. Not
all educators of the day exactly welcomed the idea of psychology being linked
to education and teaching. William James, who is considered a central figure
in the development of educational psychology, is famous for his lecture series
“Talk to Teachers About Psychology.” One of his students, G. Stanley
Hall, wrote books about children and started the journal Pedagogical Seminary
and also developed child study courses for teachers. John Dewey, who
was a student of Hall’s, is known for his philosophy of education. He is
considered to be the father of the progressive education movement in the
United States.

E. L. Thorndike wrote the first educational psychology textbook in 1903.
He was responsible for shifting the study of educational issues into the
laboratory from the classroom. Thorndike developed popular methods for assessing
students’ skills and teaching. At the same time in France, Alfred Binet and
his associate Theopile Simon were developing a test to measure general
intelligence. It was brought to the U.S. and revised by Lewis Terman at Stanford
University and became the Stanford-Binet test. In Binet’s laboratory, in
1920, Jean Piaget did work focused on what kind of errors children made as
they completed mental tasks. He came up with a model of cognitive development
which stated that children go through a series of stages and develop the
cognitive abilities to solve increasingly difficult problems. At the same
time in the Unites States, B. F. Skinner concentrated on studying the effects
of experience on overt behavior. He believed that behavior was shaped as
a function of two sets of factors: stimuli that precede it and stimuli that
follow it. His approach has been applied extensively to education.

Important Terms and
Definitions

Some Important Terms in Educational Psychology
	Aptitude	A combination of characteristics, whether native or acquired, that are indicative of an individual’s ability to learn or to develop proficiency in some particular area if appropriate education or training is provided.
	Cooperative Learning	Working in small groups to complete goals and produce products interdependently.Two forms of it are jigsaw and scripted cooperation.
	Educational Evaluations	Focuses only on the intellectual functioning of individuals, with limited forays into areas that may impact the educational requirements of the person.
	Curriculum	A course of study, especially the whole body of courses offered in a school or university or in one of its departments.
	IQ	A number denoting the intelligence of a person. It is obtained by dividing mental age by chronological age.

Some Interesting
Subfields

If one were interested in pursuing an educational psychology career in a
school setting, below would be some informative areas to look into further:

Some Interesting Subfields Within Educational Psychology
	Counseling	Look here if you may possibly be interested in a career as a counselor. It has links to some graduate programs and places to get more information about school counseling.
	Approaches to Learning	Discusses the behavioral, cognitive and constructivist approaches to learning. Tells what each approach has contributed to the field of education.
	Learning Styles	Tells you about seven perceptual learning styles and the characteristics a person may possess for each category. Also has some interesting links about other learning styles and how a teacher can effectively use them.
	Effective Teachers	Has interesting information pertaining to how teachers’ attitudes can affect the way they teach and treat their students.

A Typical Day Practicing
Educational Psychology

An educational psychologist’s day can surely never get boring or repetitive.
Working in a school setting, the days usually begin around 7:30 a.m. The
work day consists of meetings with faculty, students, administrators, and
parents. One minute they could be talking to a student, giving them advice
about problems they may be having with classes. Then they could be discussing
curriculum changes with faculty and administrators in order to tailor the
curriculum to students’ needs. Their day typically should end at the end
of the school day, but if they were interrupted frequently throughout the
day, they may have to stay to do paperwork or go to more meetings. Some
educational psychologists may operate private practices in the evenings.

Pros and Cons of a Career
in Educational Psychology

There are both potentially rewarding and frustrating aspects to work in
Educational Psychology that need to be carefully considered before pursuing
a career in this field:

Some Potential Attractions of Careers in Educational Psychology
	Usually Daytime Hours	If you like to have your evenings free for personal time or family, usually working in a school would require daytime hours.
	Make Own Hours	If you have your own practice or work independently, you can have flexibility with what hours you choose to worky.
	Summers Off	Working in a school setting usually allows for summers off..
	Helping Others	It is rewarding to see how you may help someone change and make his/her life better.
	Team Environment	Working together with teachers, parents, and students in order to make plans that can be beneficial to all parties concerned.

Some Potential Drawbacks of Careers in Educational Psychology
	High Stress Levels	It can be frustrating to help others who may not want to be helped. Many educational psycholgists encounter substantial conflict with teachers, parents, or administrators.
	Tight Schedules	One may have to deal with a large number of tasks and meetings that need to be attended to in any one day.
	Intense Schooling	In order to make decent money, you may need a doctorate degree, but you can still be a school psychologist at the master’s level.
	Evening Hours	Having your own practice, you may have to have evening hours to accommodate patients or if you have a practice other than a day job.
	Daily Routine Interruptions	Emergencies may come up throughout a day that an educational psychologist needs to attend to immediately.

Education and Training
for Careers in Educational Psychology

NEEDED SKILLS, ABILITIES, and KNOWLEDGE:
Educational psychologists require skills in evaluating needs, analyzing behavior
in children, counseling, research, report writing, and written and oral
communication skills. They also need to have a good decision-making ability
and highly developed people skills. Additionally, they need to have knowledge
about child development, behavioral change, individual education programming,
counseling ,and assessment techniques. Some personal qualities they should
possess include patience, concern for others, and an ability to inspire
confidence in clients. They should also be able to work well under pressure
and keep information private. It is also important that they are observant,
emotionally stable, mature, and able to deal with effectively with others.

OPTIONS AND PAY RANGES WITH A BACHELOR’S
DEGREE: Bachelor’s degree holders can expect very few opportunities
directly related to psychology, according to the
Occupational Outlook
Handbook (Bureau of Labor Statistics). You may find jobs as assistants
in rehabilitation centers or in other jobs involving data collection and
analysis. Those who meet state certification requirements may become high
school psychology teachers. In an entry-level position with the federal
government, starting salaries as a psychologist with a bachelor’s degree
was about $19,500 a year (1999 data); with superior academic records you
could start ar around $24,200 a year.

OPTIONS AND PAY RANGES WITH A MASTER’S
DEGREE: People with master’s degrees can administer tests as
psychological assistants. Under the supervision of a doctoral level psychologist,
they can administer psychological evaluations, counsel patients, or perform
administrative duties. They may also teach in high schools or two year colleges
or work as a school psychologist or counselor. School psychologist’s usually
need a one year internship after receiving their master’s degree. Vocational
and guidance counselors usually need two years of graduate work in counseling
and one year counseling experience. The median salary of a school psychologist
is $60,000 a year (1999 data). In counseling psychology the median is $38,000
a year.

Some Terminal Master’s Degree Programs for Pursuing a Career in Educational Psychology
	Graduate School of Education at University of California-LA	Includes the Department of Education and the Department of Information Studies, which together embody the school’s commitment to understand and improve educational practice, information policy, and information systems in a diverse society.
	Department of Psychology at Eastern College	Eastern offers a Master’s in Science in School Psychology and a Master in Arts in Educational Counseling with a choice of concentrations in Elementary Counseling and Secondary Counseling.
	Department of Educational Psychology at Rutgers University	The focus of the this program is upon expanding knowledge in education and psychology and forging a link between these areas.
	Psychology Department at Haverford College	This program spans the School of Education and the Psychology Departments at Haverford College and Bryn Mawr College.

OPTIONS AND PAY RANGES WITH A DOCTORAL
DEGREE: A doctoral degree is required to be a licensed counseling
psychologist and usually requires five to seven years of graduate study.
Psychologist swith a Ph.D. qualify for a wide range of teaching and counseling
positions in universities, elementary ,and secondary schools, private industry,
and government. The median 1999 salary for a psychologist with a doctoral
degree in counseling psychology is $55,000 a year and $59,000 a year in school
psychology.

Some Doctoral Degree Programs for Pursuing a Career in Educational Psychology
	School of Education and Department of Psychology at University of Michigan	This interdisciplinary doctoral training program encourages students to combine research and practice on significant issues in education and in psychology. Graduates are trained for teaching and research careers in academic and non-academic positions.
	School of Education at New York University	NYU offers a doctoral program in several areas of applied psychology, including counseling and guidance, counseling psychology, educational psychology and school psychology.
	College of Education at the University of Maryland	This program stresses the application of psychological knowledge from a variety of theoretical orientations to address educational and mental health issues of students and schools.

Employment Resources for
Educational Psychology

The Internet is the most accessible and informative way to find jobs in
educational psychology. Some positions may also be listed in your local newspaper
such as The Philadelphia Inquirer.

Some Resources for Exploring Careers and Career Prospects in Educational Psychology
	Psyc Careers	Has lots of useful information and links pertaining to graduate schools and careers in psychology.
	Academic Position Network	Allows one to do a job search using specific titles, browse the APN job postings, and apply for positions online.
	Online Psychology Career Center	Has job listings for all areas of psychology, provides career tips, and has information regarding student aid and internships.
	Chronicle of Higher Education	Gives advice for job seekers, has almost 1,000 job listings, and has news about the current job markets.

Learning More About Educational
Psychology

Again, the Internet would be the most helpful and easily accessible way to
learn more about the field of educational psychology. Talking to someone
in the field or holding a position that you would be interested in would
also be an informative way to learn more.

Some General Resources for Learning More about Educational Psychology
	Encyclopedia of Psychology	Has abundant nformation regarding getting a job in psychology, research careers, grad schools, doctorate programs, accreditation, and career outlooks
	Psychology Online Resource Central	Has links for just about every aspect of psychology, grad schools, career centers, research areas, and specialization areas. Good for students, professionals, and teachers.
	Psych Web	Contains resources on books in psychology, careers in psychology, psychology departments on the web, psychology journals, and tips for psychology majors.

Outlook

People with doctorates in applied areas such as school, counseling and
educational psychology should have particularly good prospects compared to
other specializations in psychology. Graduates of master’s degree programs
in school psychology should have the best job prospects, as schools are expected
to increase student counseling and mental health services. Bachelor’s degree
holders can expect very few opportunities directly related to psychology.

Summary

The field of educational psychology can offer a wide variety of career paths.
If you are someone who especially likes to work with others, specifically
by giving guidance to adolescents and young adults, this could be a rewarding
career. It could take some time to get to the position that you want because
almost all jobs will require a master’s or doctorate degree. Educational
psychology will probably tend to be an expanding field, with the need for
more staff at overcrowded schools and the need to deal with the extreme problems
that some children faced today.

Acknowledgments

This web page was created by Colleen McLenaghan as a project for Senior Seminar
in Psychology class taught by Dr. Arvid Bloom at
West Chester University in Spring 2000. I
am grateful for the assistance of Janette Kuhlberg and Chris Pardini.

http://www.wcupa.edu/_ACADEMICS/sch_cas.psy/Career_Paths/Educational/Career04.htm

Careers in Consumer
Psychology

Introduction

CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY is
the study of human responses to product and service related information and
experiences. Many responses are important, including beliefs and judgments,
emotions, purchase decisions, and consumption practices. A broad range of
product and service related information is also important, such as
advertisements, package labels, coupons, consumer magazines, and word-of-mouth
communications from friends and relatives. The goals of consumer psychologists
are to describe, predict, influence, and/or explain consumer responses.

Consumer psychologists are educators, researchers, and
administrators. They get direct feedback from their work and they see how
it changes things. It is not easy to understand why some people buy and others
do not. Nor is it a simple matter to discover the trends and predict where
things are going in the next few years. The majority of business executives
and managers are well educated and trained in their field, but few are also
all that familiar with the behavioral sciences. This is where consumer
psychologists step in. The consumer psychologist’s job is not easy. Once
a Coke was a Coke. Today’s consumers have more than brand preferences. Some
want regular cola, some decaffeinated, some sugar-free, and some both
decaffeinated and sugar-free. And there is still more: New formula and Classic;
cherry-flavored, too.

A Brief History

John B. Watson was the first prominent psychologist to apply psychology to
advertising. He believed that psychology could not be recognized as a science
until its practical usefulness was demonstrated in many fields. He said,
“If psychology would follow the plan I suggest, the educator, the physician,
the jurist, and the businessman could utilize our data in a practical way.”
He interestingly designed ads for Johnson & Johnson’s baby powder. With
doing so, he played on new mothers’ anxieties and feelings of incompetence
about properly caring for their children. He recognized and exploited not
only the power of emotional appeals in advertising, but also the impact of
experts who recommended products, and the presentation of products as new
or improved.

Some Important Terms in Consumer Psychology
	Consumer Behavior	Consumer behavior deals with how products are evaluated and chosen by consumers; what information os paid attention to, and what was ignored.
	Personality	A normal individual’s personality is internally consistent, even though it might not appear that way from the outside. It is also pretty durable; it ordinarily does not change a great deal over the months and years of a person’s life.
	Sales	You spend money when someone “sells” you something directly or indirectly. Good sellers know that most purchases are based upon emotion, not logic.
	Marketing	Marketing requires making choices that will please others. Most people find it difficult to decide what is best for themselves.
	Choice	Consumer choice would be simple if the outcomes were perfectly predictable. In fact, they almost never are. The purchase of just about any kind of consumer product or service involves some risk for the buyer.

Some Interesting
Subfields

There are several important and interesting subfields in Consumer Psychology.
Each subfield adds to the psychology of consumer behavior in its own way.

Some Interesting Subfields Within Consumer Psychology
	Advertising	Advertising is very widespread. It splashes across newspaper and magazine pages, blurts out from radio broadcasts, comes with the daily meal, interrupts television programing and invades the landscape on signs and billboards.
	Perception	Consumers often “taste” with their eyes and ears. They learn far more from words and images than from sensations. Their perceptual acuity is not nearly as sensitive as marketers usually think it is.
	Life Stages	Time works its way on all of us. Much of what we are is the result of the maturation process. Time and experience invariably etch their marks on our physical and our psychological selves and consumer preferences.
	Motivation	We often do not really know exactly why we do the things we do. When people are asked why they made a particular purchase, the responses they give are often not especially accurate or useful.
	Psychology of Price	What is something really worth? This deceptively simple question is surprisingly difficult to answer. In Medieval times, the idea was that something cost what it was worth, no more and no less. Today the somewhat cynical answer is “whatever the market will bear.”

A Typical Day Practicing
Consumer Psychology

Consumer Psychologists combine creativity with sound business sense to market
a product based on financial, sociological, and psychological research. To
ensure this complicated process works smoothly, they spend a lot of time
in the office (a six-day week is not unusual). The majority of time is spent
brainstorming, creative blockbusting, and sifting through demographic research;
a minority of time is spent meeting with clients. The need to be flexible
cannot be emphasized enough. One can expect periods when they will have little,
if any, free time. At other times, the workload is light and mundane.

Many people say that their favorite part of consumer psychology is that “you
get recognized when you have a good idea.” They also mentioned that failure
is always recognized. It takes a very disciplined person to handle both the
creative and the details-oriented side. The ability to work on a team is
one of the most important skills a successful consumer psychologist can have.

Pros and Cons of a Career
in Consumer Psychology

There are both potentially rewarding and frustrating aspects to working in
Consumer Psychology that need to be carefully considered before pursuing
a career in this field. In order to succeed in the field, one needs to view
the drawbacks as being potential challenges rather than downfalls.

Some Potential Attractions of Careers in Consumer Psychology
	Challenge of Working With Others	Regular work in a rewarding team environment is not unusual. You get to meet, communicate with, and work with many different individuals.
	Human Behavior	You gain knowledge and insight through analysis of human choice patterns.
	Creativity	There is ample opportunity for creativity. There are many opportunities to be creative and make your opinion count. You can be creative with how you go about different studies.
	Seeing Hard Work Pay Off	You are oftenable to see all of your hard work pay off by seeing predictions work out. It is satisfying to see that your findings can help companies make better products for you.

Some Potential Drawbacks of Careers in Consumer Psychology
	High Risk of Burnout	There is a lot of overtime expected with a six day work week or a possible 50 hours a week when there are product development deadlines..
	Slow Start	As you begin your career in consumer psychology, it can be slow at first. You can spend most of your time entering computer data.
	Lack of Cooperation	You may experience hard times with finding cooperative candidates to interview and to use for supplying good consumer data.
	Discouragement	There may be many instances when things do not go as planned and research projects do not lead to meaningful conclusions.
	Decision Overload	As a Consumer Psychologist, you will have to make many decisions regarding research, tests, consumers, and data interpretation. This may overload some individuals.

Education and Training
for Careers in Consumer Psychology

SKILLS, ABILITIES AND KNOWLEDGE NEEDED
to be successful in Consumer Psychology include
the ability to evaluate problems and make appropriate decisions, apply a
thorough understanding of human development and behavior, interpret psychological
research, understanding others, promote good relationships, observe and analyze
data, communicate well, and use computers while assisting in lab
research.

BY OBTAINING ONLY A BACHELOR’S DEGREE
in Consumer Psychology, there are many
different career paths you can choose from. Advertising is a particularly
popular field. Other paths include public affairs, education, business, sales,
and working for service industries. Basically, a bachelor’s degree prepares
you for both life and work. The annual salary range for a bachelor’s degree
(1999 data) is roughly $21,000 to $26,000.

BY FURTHERING YOUR EDUCATION AND PURSUING A MASTER’S
DEGREE involving Consumer
Studies, you can expect to make roughly about $30,000 to $40,000 (1999 data),
depending on the exact field you are working in. Many psychologists with
terminal master’s degrees often work under the direction of a doctoral
psychologist. Also, there are related jobs in organizational
development, advertising, survey research and data analysis, to name a few.

Some Terminal Master’s Degree Programs for Pursuing a Career in Consumer Psychology
	Family and Consumer Economics at Purdue University	Graduate study and research in family and consumer economics concentrates on the factors influencing the decisions and well-being of families and consumers.
	Family and Consumer Behavior at the University of Nebraska	This master’s program focuses on household efforts to improve economic well-being through effective use of resources, and on the economic and social systems that enhance or constrain these efforts.
	Family and Consumer Science at Ball State University	To acquire a M.S. degree, 33 credit hours of study are required, 18 of which are dedicated specifically to Family and Consumer Science

IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE A DOCTORAL DEGREE in
Consumer Studies, you may choose from many different Ph.D. programs, including
ones focused on consumer economics, family and consumer studies, consumer
behavior, and consumer science. Jobs are similar to the ones previously listed.
However, the pay ranges and responsibilities increase. The highest paid and
greatest range of jobs are available to doctoral graduates. Doctoral salaries
begin at $40,000 (1999 data) and progress significantly upward as more job
experience is acquired.

Some Doctoral Degree Programs for Pursuing a Career in Consumer Psychology
	Consumer Behavior at Purdue University	A very sound and well-rounded program in Consumer Behavior.
	Consumer Economics at Cornell University	Consumer Economics focuses on the interaction of markets for goods and services, the well-being of individuals and consumers, and on consumption behavior.

Employment Resources for
Consumer Psychology

A person in Consumer Psychology can find a great deal of information about
job opportunities on the Internet, particularly by becoming a member of the
Society for Consumer Psychology. It is a good idea to talk to many people
about career aspirations in this field, possibly including a professor, because
word of mouth is an important factor.

Some Resources for Exploring Careers and Career Prospects in Consumer Psychology
	APA Monitor	This informative website has interesting articles, news events, and links. You can also earch within the Monitor .
	Direct Market News	This is a helpful site that allows you do a job search. It has information regarding marketing and contains a good collection of news articles.
	Advertising Age	This site covers advertising and marketing careers. It allows for job searches and provides helpful information about a variety of topics.
	PsychNet	This site is great for job searching. It contains job hunting tips, articles, and general psychology links.

Learning More About Consumer
Psychology

Consumer Psychology is a relatively young field. Therefore, it can be difficult
to find a lot of information on it. Here are a few informative websites to
consider exploring:

Some General Resources for Learning More about Consumer Psychology
	Society For Consumer Psychology	This site offers information on Consumer Psychology and how to join the society. It also offers informative journals.
	Encyclopedia of Psychology	This interesting site offers a lot of helpful information about Psychology. It contains career opportunities, definitions, etc.

Outlook

Consumer psychology has an exciting future. Consumer Psychologists are doing
many different things today. In the laboratory, a psychologist may be
photographing eye movements for a package design company as his/her subjects
observe a succession of soft drink containers. At a government bureau, a
psychologist may be presenting the results of a study concerning consumer
response to an advertising claim. At an automotive company, a psychologist
may be assessing consumer response sto various combinations of product features
to help engineers determine the optimal combination. At an advertising agency,
a psychologist may be presenting study findings that show how well alternative
commercials affect attitudes toward a brand of coffee. There are many emerging
opportunities for consumer psychologists; the primary challenge is deciding
what subarea to concentrate upon.

Summary

Consumer Psychology is a very exciting field. It offers many excellent
opportunities to not only learn a great deal about consumers and why they
buy, but also to gain a better understanding of yourself, and how and why
you do the things you do. This is a superb field for anyone interested in
applying research in ways that lead to tangible and meaningful differences
in organizational decisions about the services or products they provide.

Acknowledgments

This web page was created by Julia Carpenter. Building this page was a Senior
Seminar project in a Psychology (PSY400) class taught by Dr. Arvid J. Bloom
at West Chester University of Pennsylvania
in Spring 2000.

http://www.wcupa.edu/_ACADEMICS/sch_cas.psy/Career_Paths/Consumer/Career05.htm

Careers in Clinical and Counseling
Psychology

Introduction

CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY are two
of the largest and most popular fields in psychology. Clinical and counseling
psychologists deal with the causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
of individuals with psychological problems. These problems vary considerably
as to their degree of severity. Although very similar, clinical and counseling
psychologists differ with respect to the disorders of the patients they treat.
Typically, clinical psychologists treat more severe disorders, such as phobias,
bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. On the other hand, counseling psychologists
work with patients suffering from everyday stresses, including career planning,
academic performance, and marriage and family difficulties.

Clinical and counseling psychologists can be found working in individual
practices, schools, colleges and universities, hospitals, and other mental
health facilities. The particular method of therapy utilized by each clinical
and counseling psychologist is often influenced by the theoretical orientation
they adhere to. There are a total of over 200 theoretical orientations, each
providing a different explanation behind the causes of psychological disorders
and their appropriate treatments. Some orientations are more popular than
others; however, most psychologists integrate two or more into their therapy.
Furthermore, some theoretical orientations are better at explaining and treating
certain disorders more than others. Regardless of their orientation preference,
clinical and counseling psychologists are trained to assist a variety of
individuals and their emotional difficulties.

A Brief History

Clinical psychology began in 1896 as a result of a psychologist’s work with
a student who was chronic bad speller. At this point clinical psychology
had not yet been associated with severe disorders and emotional difficulties.
The psychologist’s name was Lightner Witmer and he discovered that the student
had a variety of learning disabilities. Afterwards he established a clinic
where children with learning disorders and other difficulties could be assessed
and treated. This clinic was also educational in nature because it offered
advice to parents and teachers on dealing with their children’s conditions.

Other psychologists, such as Sigmund Freud, began developing their own theories
on the treatment of the general population and their accompanying psychological
disturbances. Freud, also referred to as the father of psychology, introduced
the world to the theory he called psychoanalysis. Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
soon followed in Freud’s footsteps; however, each had his own personal theory.
Many other psychologists formulated their own theories throughout the years.
Each theory was impacted by the theorist’s family background, country and
time period in which they lived, and their exposure to prominent people during
their professional development. New theories of helping others continue to
be developed today.

Important Terms and
Definitions

Some Important Terms in Clinical and Counseling Psychology
	Assessment	Clinical assessment assists clinicians in choosing the best treatment methods for their clients via techniques such as interviews and testing.
	DSM-IV	The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) contains common diagnostic classifications of psychological disorders.
	Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	Cognitive-behavioral therapists stress that our thoughts affect our emotions, our ability to relate to others, and our self-confidence. They believe that irrational and self-defeating thinking bring about psychological problems.
	Feminist Therapy	This therapy grew out of the need for women to cope with the demands of the family, discrimination, and working outside the home. It encourages clients to develop their own strengths and to focus on personal empowerment.
	Psychosocial Rehabilitation	Psychosocial rehabilitation may be used for people with severe mood disorders and schizophrenia. It helps them to cope with their disorder while living in a community setting.

Some Interesting
Subfields

Within clinical and counseling psychology there are a variety of subfields.
Often, psychologists choose a subfield they find particularly interesting
and specialize in it. A subfield could be a particular theoretical orientation
which guides the psychologist’s therapeutic methods or it could be a particular
disorder the psychologist is skilled at treating.

Some Interesting Subfields Within Clinical and Counseling Psychology
	Research	Psychologists are continuously doing research in order to test the effectiveness of therapies, drug treatments, and many other psychological questions.
	Counseling	Counseling involves working with a variety of individuals and their everyday problems in individual, family, or group settings.
	Psychotherapy	Psychotherapy is used for individuals with severe psychopathologies, such as schizophrenia and severe depression. Treatment strategies often include medication, and sometimes hospitalization.
	Psychiatry	Psychiatry is the field of medicine that specializes in prescribing medications for psychological disorders. This requires a medical degree and specialized training in the effects of certain medications.
	Child and Adolescent Psychology	Children and adolescents sometimes experience difficulties unique to their age group. Psychologists in this area give special attention to these issues and concerns.

A Typical Day Practicing
Clinical and Counseling Psychology

A typical day as a clinical or counseling psychologist is difficult to describe
because the work is so varied. For example, a psychologist in private practice
may have some extra responsibilities than one working in a hospital or clinic
setting. Regardless, each clinical and counseling psychologist encounters
many of the same things throughout a typical day.

The beginning of the day starts with the psychologist getting the files ready
of the clients being seen that day. Typically a psychologist will see no
more than five clients per day. Psychologists see a variety of clients ranging
from children to adults and couples to families. Each client brings along
their own personal problems and individual needs. All this must be taken
into account when deciding which therapy is best for each specific client.

Children and adolescents are the most difficult population to work with,
typically because it may be difficult to gain the parents’ cooperation with
therapy. Disorders such as depression and anxiety are on the average relatively
easy to treat. More difficult to treat are obsessive-compulsive disorder
and bipolar disorder, depending on the severity of each. Schizophrenia is
by far the hardest disorder to treat. If caught in its early stages, it can
be maintained; however, people suffering from schizophrenia will never lead
a normal life.

At the end of the day, which sometimes lasts up to 12 hours, psychologists
must complete the appropriate paperwork for the clients seen that day. This
can be a very tedious task because insurance companies require detailed paperwork
on clients.

Pros and Cons of a Career
in Clinical and Counseling Psychology

There are both positive and negative aspects to working in Clinical or Counseling
Psychology. It is imperative to carefully think about each of these aspects
before considering a career in this field. Here are some key points to consider:

Some Potential Attractions of Careers in Clinical and Counseling Psychology
	Personal Fulfillment	Working with and helping clients can bring a great deal of personal satisfaction.
	Making a Difference	Unique feelings come when you see a client make changes in their lives because you have helped them.
	Being Your Own Boss	In private practice, clinical and counseling psychologists are often their own bosses and set their own hours.
	Changing Environment	Each client provides different and interesting information about themselves; therefore, the psychologist is rarely bored from doing routine work.
	Learning Experience	Clients’ diagnoses and therapeutic plans tend to be at least somewhat unique, providing ongoing learning opportunities.

Some Potential Drawbacks of Careers in Clinical and Counseling Psychology
	Long Hours	Clinical and counseling psychologists often put in up to 12 hours a day between working with clients and the accompanying paperwork.
	High Risk of Burnout	Therapy can be very intense and emotionally exhausting, especially if clients do not respond to treatment or who threaten to commit suicide.
	Paperwork	There is an enormous amount of paperwork associated with each client. Health insurance companies alone require a lot of paperwork about clients.
	Unchanging Clients	Some disorders are easier to treat than others. It can become very aggravating and frustrating to continuously work with a client who do not make life changes.
	Intensive	Therapy is very draining because a therapist’s full attention must be given to each client. There is little room for daydreaming or allowing your thoughts to wander.

Education and Training
for Careers in Clinical and Counseling Psychology

NEEDED SKILLS, ABILITIES, and KNOWLEDGE:
It is important to be able to lead, inspire, and work effectively with people.
Job opportunities are highly limited with a bachelor’s degree in psychology.
In order to work independently in a private practice, licensure is needed.
Most states require a psychologist to complete a doctoral degree before becoming
licensed; however, some states permit a license with just a master’s degree.
Without a license, a psychologist is required to work under the supervision
of a doctoral-level psychologist. Licensing laws vary from state to state,
however, all states require that applicants pass an examination prior to
becoming licensed. In addition, some states require that their clinical and
counseling psychologists continue their education for license renewal.

OPTIONS AND PAY RANGES WITH A BACHELOR’S
DEGREE: Bachelor’s degrees are very limiting in the field of
psychology. According to the
Occupational Outlook
Handbook (Bureau of Labor Statistics) the starting salary for people
with a bachelor’s degree in psychology in 1997 was approximately $20,600.
With this degree it is possible to work in a psychiatric hospital or residential
home as a psychiatric assistant or technician. This work allows a large amount
of interaction with patients, specifically, observing and recording their
moods and behaviors. Unfortunately a psychiatric assistant does not have
much influence with regards to the patient’s treatment plan. Furthermore,
licensure is not possible with a bachelor’s degree alone.

OPTIONS AND PAY RANGES WITH A MASTER’S
DEGREE: Most master’s degrees require at least 2 years of full-time
graduate study. Other requirements may include an internship in an applied
setting and an original research project called a thesis. In 1997, the
average salary
with a master’s degree was $40,000. Master’s level jobs include working in
group practices, hospitals, clinics, community health centers, and government
offices. In most states master’s degrees are not granted licensure. It is
possible to practice therapy with a master’s degree, but only under the
supervision of a licensed psychologist. Master’s degrees clearly offer better
pay and responsibilities than a bachelor’s degree.

Some Terminal Master’s Degree Programs for Pursuing a Career in Clinical and Counseling Psychology
	Clinical Counseling Psychology Program at LaSalle University	This M.A. program has a concentration focus on psychological counseling, marriage and family therapy, and addictions counseling.
	Clinical Psychology Program at Shippensburg University	Offering a M.S. degree in clinical psychology, this program stresses close faculty/student interaction. The university has special laboratories for psychological research.
	Counseling Program at Loyola College	This program prepares students for positions in public or private settings as a mental health counselor.
	Clinical Psychology Program at West Chester University	This program prepares students for work in human service settings. It also offers research work, work on faculty projects, and the completion of a master’s thesis.

OPTIONS AND PAY RANGES WITH A DOCTORAL
DEGREE: Clinical and counseling psychology offers two doctoral
degrees: the Ph.D. and the Psy.D. Both are equally challenging, require the
same amount of educational training, qualify for licensure, and earn about
the same
salary (about
$57,000 in 1997). Most doctoral educational programs are designed to last
5 years; however, they often take 7 or 8 to complete. Ph.D. programs are
designed more for training in research, while Psy.D. programs emphasize the
counseling aspect of psychology. Almost all of psychologists with a Psy.D.
can be found practicing psychology in counseling settings. Although,
psychologists possessing a Ph.D. can also practice, they are more likely
to be involved in research or teaching within the higher education system.
Doctoral level psychologists also have the ability to obtain licensure and
go into private practice. This cannot be achieved with either a bachelor’s
or master’s degree. Furthermore, doctoral degrees provide more job opportunities
and job flexibility than the other degrees.

Some Doctoral Degree Programs for Pursuing a Career in Clinical and Counseling Psychology
	Doctoral Project/Clinical Dissertation at California School of Professional Psychology	This Psy.D. program gives students a choice between completing a project or dissertation, depending on the specific campus. Students are evaluated on their ability to apply literature research to practical life.
	Clinical Psychology at Widener University	This 5-year program combines the science of psychology with its clinical applications. The first three years are devoted to learning theoretical knowledge and clinical techniques.
	Clinical Psychology at University of Maine	This is a Ph.D. program, which offers specialization in experimental psychology, cognitive-behavioral psychology, psychopathology, and clinical research.
	Clinical Psychology at University of Pittsburgh	This Ph.D. program applies psychological and biological to the understanding of psychological disorders. Students also conduct their own research through externships.

Employment Resources for
Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Employment resources in the field of clinical and counseling psychology are
difficult to find for bachelor’s degrees. Most of these jobs are advertised
locally in a newspaper. Employment for master’s and doctoral degrees can
be found locally or on the internet. Other employment resources are job fairs
which can often be found at colleges or universities. At times it is even
possible to receive on-the-spot interviews at job fairs. Another possible
option for finding employment information involves contacting local psychological
agencies or businesses. They may be able to provide valuable information,
resources, and employment opportunities.

Some Resources for Exploring Careers and Career Prospects in Clinical and Counseling Psychology
	American Psychological Association	This link is to a list of APA positions openings in counseling psychology.
	APA Monitor	This site has job listings categorized by state, including international countries.

Learning More About Clinical
and Counseling Psychology

There are many possible ways to learn more about clinical and counseling
psychology. The American Psychological Association (APA) has divisions to
clinical and counseling psychology, as well as other interesting and related
fields. Other possibilities include the large variety of psychological journals,
which can be found in most libraries, specifically college and university
libraries. Likewise, magazines like Newsweek and Psychology Today
often publish recent articles about the current trends in the fields of clinical
and counseling psychology. Finally, an extremely productive way of learning
about clinical and counseling psychology involves interviewing someone working
in the profession. For instance, psychologists in private practice or professors
at college or universities can provide many insights about their profession.

Some General Resources for Learning More about Clinical and Counseling Psychology
	The Division of Independent Practice of the APA	This Division of APA explores the issues surrounding practitioners and their patients. It provides strategies meant to help improve private practices so as to ensure their continuing existence.
	Psychotherapy and Depression	This link discusses the general causes of depression, possible treatments, and the effectiveness of various treatments.

Outlook

Clinical and counseling psychology are expected to grow at an average rate
in the coming years, according to the
Occupational Outlook
Handbook (Bureau of Labor Statistics). However, because of the recent
trend of health maintenance organizations (HMO’s) psychologists with doctoral
degrees are suffering. HMO’s are sending their member’s to psychologists
with master’s degrees because they charge less money for therapy. If a
psychologist with a doctoral degree wishes to do therapy with clients belonging
to HMO’s, they must take salary cuts.

Other psychologists have been pushing for prescription privileges. According
to Robert J. Sternberg, editor of Career Paths in Psychology: Where your
Degree Can Take You (1999), this privilege would allow psychologists
to prescribe medications to their clients. The American Psychiatric Association
strongly objects to this because it would eventually eliminate the need for
psychiatrists. Presently however, psychiatrists are in high demand. Due to
their low numbers, psychiatrists are often required to work with several
different agencies at one time. Considering all these factors and more, Sternberg
(1999) suggests that practitioners in private practice may be negatively
affected by the possibility of future changes. Others remain optimistic and
feel these changes will never take place.

Summary

Clinical and counseling psychology continues to be the largest area studied
by psychology students. Within this career there are a number of different
areas of specialization possible. This helps to make the career more interesting
and exciting for students, as well as varying the typical day of a psychologist.
Naturally, there are positive and negative aspects of clinical and counseling
psychology. On the one hand, this field can be very personally rewarding;
however, it often requires a great deal of education. Of the possible degrees
earned by students, the doctoral degree offers the most career freedom, including
the possibility to practice clinical or counseling psychology privately.
Regardless, the future outlook on doctoral degrees predicts they will be
in less demand on the job market than master’s degrees. Perhaps more states
will begin offering licensure to master’s level graduates in the future.
In conclusion, the field of clinical and counseling psychology is forever
changing and will continue to grow so long as people require psychological
assistance.

Acknowledgments

This page was created by Jill Rishel in the spring of 2000 as a project for
a Senior Seminar in Psychology (PSY400) class taught by Dr. Arvid J. Bloom
at West Chester University. The author
would like to give special recognition to Delores Marra, M.S., Deanne Zotter
Bonifazi, Ph.D., and Gretchen Gill for the valuable information they contributed.

http://www.wcupa.edu/_ACADEMICS/sch_cas.psy/Career_Paths/Clinical/Career03.htm

Psychologists

Significant Points

About 34 percent of psychologists are self-employed, compared with only 8 percent of all workers.
Competition for admission to graduate psychology programs is keen.
Overall employment of psychologists is expected to grow faster than average.
Job prospects should be the best for people who have a doctoral
degree in an applied specialty, such as counseling or health, and those
with a specialist or doctoral degree in school psychology.

Nature of the Work	[About this section]	Back to Top

Psychologists study the human mind and human behavior. Research
psychologists investigate the physical, cognitive, emotional, or social
aspects of human behavior. Psychologists in health service fields
provide mental health care in hospitals, clinics, schools, or private
settings. Psychologists employed in applied settings, such as business,
industry, government, or nonprofit organizations, provide training,
conduct research, design organizational systems, and act as advocates
for psychology.

Like other social scientists, psychologists formulate hypotheses and
collect data to test their validity. Research methods vary with the
topic under study. Psychologists sometimes gather information through
controlled laboratory experiments or by administering personality,
performance, aptitude, or intelligence tests. Other methods include
observation, interviews, questionnaires, clinical studies, and surveys.

Psychologists apply their knowledge to a wide range of endeavors,
including health and human services, management, education, law, and
sports. They usually specialize in one of a number of different areas.

Clinical psychologists—who constitute the largest
specialty—work most often in counseling centers, independent or group
practices, hospitals, or clinics. They help mentally and emotionally
distressed clients adjust to life and may assist medical and surgical
patients in dealing with illnesses or injuries. Some clinical
psychologists work in physical rehabilitation settings, treating
patients with spinal cord injuries, chronic pain or illness, stroke,
arthritis, or neurological conditions. Others help people deal with
personal crisis, such as divorce or the death of a loved one.

Clinical psychologists often interview patients and give diagnostic
tests. They may provide individual, family, or group psychotherapy and
may design and implement behavior modification programs. Some clinical
psychologists collaborate with physicians and other specialists to
develop and implement treatment and intervention programs that patients
can understand and comply with. Other clinical psychologists work in
universities and medical schools, where they train graduate students in
the delivery of mental health and behavioral medicine services. Some
administer community mental health programs.

Areas of specialization within clinical psychology include health psychology, neuropsychology, and geropsychology. Health psychologists
study how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health
and illness. They promote healthy living and disease prevention through
counseling, and they focus on how patients adjust to illnesses and
treatments and view their quality of life. Neuropsychologists study the relation between the brain and behavior. They often work in stroke and head injury programs. Geropsychologists
deal with the special problems faced by the elderly. The emergence and
growth of these specialties reflects the increasing participation of
psychologists in direct services to special patient populations.

Often, clinical psychologists consult with other medical personnel
regarding the best treatment for patients, especially treatment that
includes medication. Clinical psychologists generally are not permitted
to prescribe medication to treat patients; only psychiatrists and other
medical doctors may prescribe most medications. (See the statement on physicians and surgeons elsewhere in the Handbook.)
However, two States—Louisiana and New Mexico—currently allow
appropriately trained clinical psychologists to prescribe medication
with some limitations.

Counseling psychologists use various techniques, including
interviewing and testing, to advise people on how to deal with problems
of everyday living, including career or work problems and problems
faced in different stages of life. They work in settings such as
university counseling centers, hospitals, and individual or group
practices. (See also the statements on counselors and social workers elsewhere in the Handbook.)

School psychologists work with students in early childhood
and elementary and secondary schools. They collaborate with teachers,
parents, and school personnel to create safe, healthy, and supportive
learning environments for all students. School psychologists address
students’ learning and behavioral problems, suggest improvements to
classroom management strategies or parenting techniques, and evaluate
students with disabilities and gifted and talented students to help
determine the best way to educate them.

They improve teaching, learning, and socialization strategies based
on their understanding of the psychology of learning environments. They
also may evaluate the effectiveness of academic programs, prevention
programs, behavior management procedures, and other services provided
in the school setting.

Industrial-organizational psychologists apply psychological
principles and research methods to the workplace in the interest of
improving productivity and the quality of worklife. They also are
involved in research on management and marketing problems. They screen,
train, and counsel applicants for jobs, as well as perform
organizational development and analysis. An industrial psychologist
might work with management to reorganize the work setting in order to
improve productivity or quality of life in the workplace. Industrial
psychologists frequently act as consultants, brought in by management
to solve a particular problem.

Developmental psychologists study the physiological,
cognitive, and social development that takes place throughout life.
Some specialize in behavior during infancy, childhood, and adolescence,
or changes that occur during maturity or old age. Developmental
psychologists also may study developmental disabilities and their
effects. Increasingly, research is developing ways to help elderly
people remain independent as long as possible.

Social psychologists examine people’s interactions with
others and with the social environment. They work in organizational
consultation, marketing research, systems design, or other applied
psychology fields. Prominent areas of study include group behavior,
leadership, attitudes, and perception.

Experimental or research psychologists work in
university and private research centers and in business, nonprofit, and
governmental organizations. They study the behavior of both human
beings and animals, such as rats, monkeys, and pigeons. Prominent areas
of study in experimental research include motivation, thought,
attention, learning and memory, sensory and perceptual processes,
effects of substance abuse, and genetic and neurological factors
affecting behavior.

Work environment. Psychologists’ work environments
vary by subfield and place of employment. For example, clinical,
school, and counseling psychologists in private practice frequently
have their own offices and set their own hours. However, they usually
offer evening and weekend hours to accommodate their clients. Those
employed in hospitals, nursing homes, and other health care facilities
may work shifts that include evenings and weekends, and those who work
in schools and clinics generally work regular daytime hours. Most
psychologists in government and industry have structured schedules.

Psychologists employed as faculty by colleges and universities
divide their time between teaching and research and also may have
administrative responsibilities; many have part-time consulting
practices.

Increasingly, many psychologists work as part of a team, consulting
with other psychologists and professionals. Many experience pressures
because of deadlines, tight schedules, and overtime. Their routine may
be interrupted frequently. Travel may be required in order to attend
conferences or conduct research.

Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement	[About this section]	Back to Top

A master’s or doctoral degree, and a license, are required for most psychologists.

Education and training. A doctoral degree usually is
required for independent practice as a psychologist. Psychologists with
a Ph.D. or Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) qualify for a wide range of
teaching, research, clinical, and counseling positions in universities,
health care services, elementary and secondary schools, private
industry, and government. Psychologists with a doctoral degree often
work in clinical positions or in private practices, but they also
sometimes teach, conduct research, or carry out administrative
responsibilities.

A doctoral degree generally requires 5 to 7 years of graduate study,
culminating in a dissertation based on original research. Courses in
quantitative research methods, which include the use of computer-based
analysis, are an integral part of graduate study and are necessary to
complete the dissertation. The Psy.D. degree may be based on practical
work and examinations rather than a dissertation. In clinical,
counseling, and school psychology, the requirements for the doctoral
degree include at least a 1-year internship.

A specialist degree or its equivalent is required in most States for
an individual to work as a school psychologist, although a few States
still credential school psychologists with master’s degrees. A
specialist (Ed.S.) degree in school psychology requires a minimum of 3
years of full-time graduate study (at least 60 graduate semester hours)
and a 1-year full-time internship. Because their professional practice
addresses educational and mental health components of students’
development, school psychologists’ training includes coursework in both
education and psychology.

People with a master’s degree in psychology may work as
industrial-organizational psychologists. They also may work as
psychological assistants under the supervision of doctoral-level
psychologists and may conduct research or psychological evaluations. A
master’s degree in psychology requires at least 2 years of full-time
graduate study. Requirements usually include practical experience in an
applied setting and a master’s thesis based on an original research
project.

Competition for admission to graduate psychology programs is keen.
Some universities require applicants to have an undergraduate major in
psychology. Others prefer only coursework in basic psychology with
additional courses in the biological, physical, and social sciences and
in statistics and mathematics.

A bachelor’s degree in psychology qualifies a person to assist
psychologists and other professionals in community mental health
centers, vocational rehabilitation offices, and correctional programs.
Bachelor’s degree holders may also work as research or administrative
assistants for psychologists. Some work as technicians in related
fields, such as marketing research. Many find employment in other
areas, such as sales, service, or business management.

In the Federal Government, candidates having at least 24 semester
hours in psychology and one course in statistics qualify for
entry-level positions. However, competition for these jobs is keen
because this is one of the few ways in which one can work as a
psychologist without an advanced degree.

The American Psychological Association (APA) presently accredits
doctoral training programs in clinical, counseling, and school
psychology, as well as institutions that provide internships for
doctoral students in school, clinical, and counseling psychology. The
National Association of School Psychologists, with the assistance of
the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education, helps to
approve advanced degree programs in school psychology.

Licensure. Psychologists in independent practice or
those who offer any type of patient care—including clinical,
counseling, and school psychologists—must meet certification or
licensing requirements in all States and the District of Columbia.
Licensing laws vary by State and by type of position and require
licensed or certified psychologists to limit their practice to areas in
which they have developed professional competence through training and
experience. Clinical and counseling psychologists usually need a
doctorate in psychology, an approved internship, and 1 to 2 years of
professional experience. In addition, all States require that
applicants pass an examination. Most State licensing boards administer
a standardized test, and many supplement that with additional oral or
essay questions. Some States require continuing education for renewal
of the license.

The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) awards the
Nationally Certified School Psychologist (NCSP) designation, which
recognizes professional competency in school psychology at a national,
rather than State, level. Currently, 29 States recognize the NCSP and
allow those with the certification to transfer credentials from one
State to another without taking a new certification exam. In States
that recognize the NCSP, the requirements for certification or
licensure and those for the NCSP often are the same or similar.
Requirements for the NCSP include the completion of 60 graduate
semester hours in school psychology; a 1,200-hour internship, 600 hours
of which must be completed in a school setting; and a passing score on
the National School Psychology Examination.

Other qualifications. Aspiring psychologists who are
interested in direct patient care must be emotionally stable, mature,
and able to deal effectively with people. Sensitivity, compassion, good
communication skills, and the ability to lead and inspire others are
particularly important qualities for people wishing to do clinical work
and counseling. Research psychologists should be able to do detailed
work both independently and as part of a team. Patience and
perseverance are vital qualities, because achieving results in the
psychological treatment of patients or in research may take a long time.

Certification and advancement. The American Board of
Professional Psychology (ABPP) recognizes professional achievement by
awarding specialty certification in 13 different areas. Candidates for
ABPP certification need a doctorate in psychology, postdoctoral
training in their specialty, several years of experience, professional
endorsements, and are required to pass the specialty board examination.

Psychologists can improve their advancement opportunities by earning
an advanced degree and by participation in continuing education. Many
psychologists opt to start their own practice after gaining experience
working in the field.

Employment	[About this section]	Back to Top

Psychologists held about 166,000 jobs in 2006. Educational
institutions employed about 29 percent of psychologists in positions
other than teaching, such as counseling, testing, research, and
administration. About 21 percent were employed in health care,
primarily in offices of mental health practitioners, hospitals,
physicians’ offices, and outpatient mental health and substance abuse
centers. Government agencies at the State and local levels employed
psychologists in correctional facilities, law enforcement, and other
settings.

After several years of experience, some psychologists—usually those
with doctoral degrees—enter private practice or set up private research
or consulting firms. About 34 percent of psychologists were
self-employed in 2006, compared with only 8 percent of all professional
workers.

In addition to the previously mentioned jobs, many psychologists
held faculty positions at colleges and universities and as high school
psychology teachers. (See the statements on teachers—postsecondary and teachers—preschool, kindergarten, elementary, middle, and secondary elsewhere in the Handbook.)

Job Outlook	[About this section]	Back to Top

Faster-than-average employment growth is expected for psychologists.
Job prospects should be the best for people who have a doctoral degree
from a leading university in an applied specialty, such as counseling
or health, and those with a specialist or doctoral degree in school
psychology. Master’s degree holders in fields other than
industrial-organizational psychology will face keen competition.
Opportunities will be limited for bachelor’s degree holders.

Employment change. Employment of psychologists is expected to grow 15 percent from 2006 to 2016, faster than the average
for all occupations. Employment will grow because of increased demand
for psychological services in schools, hospitals, social service
agencies, mental health centers, substance abuse treatment clinics,
consulting firms, and private companies.

Employment growth will vary by specialty. Growing awareness of how
students’ mental health and behavioral problems, such as bullying,
affect learning will increase demand for school psychologists to offer
student counseling and mental health services.

The rise in health care costs associated with unhealthy lifestyles,
such as smoking, alcoholism, and obesity, has made prevention and
treatment more critical. An increase in the number of employee
assistance programs, which help workers deal with personal problems,
also should lead to employment growth for clinical and counseling
specialties. Clinical and counseling psychologists also will be needed
to help people deal with depression and other mental disorders,
marriage and family problems, job stress, and addiction. The growing
number of elderly will increase the demand for psychologists trained in
geropsychology to help people deal with the mental and physical changes
that occur as individuals grow older. There also will be increased need
for psychologists to work with returning veterans.

Industrial-organizational psychologists also will be in demand to
help to boost worker productivity and retention rates in a wide range
of businesses. Industrial-organizational psychologists will help
companies deal with issues such as workplace diversity and
antidiscrimination policies. Companies also will use psychologists’
expertise in survey design, analysis, and research to develop tools for
marketing evaluation and statistical analysis.

Job prospects. Job prospects should be the best for
people who have a doctoral degree from a leading university in an
applied specialty, such as counseling or health, and those with a
specialist or doctoral degree in school psychology. Psychologists with
extensive training in quantitative research methods and computer
science may have a competitive edge over applicants without such
background.

Master’s degree holders in fields other than
industrial-organizational psychology will face keen competition for
jobs because of the limited number of positions that require only a
master’s degree. Master’s degree holders may find jobs as psychological
assistants or counselors, providing mental health services under the
direct supervision of a licensed psychologist. Still others may find
jobs involving research and data collection and analysis in
universities, government, or private companies.

Opportunities directly related to psychology will be limited for
bachelor’s degree holders. Some may find jobs as assistants in
rehabilitation centers or in other jobs involving data collection and
analysis. Those who meet State certification requirements may become
high school psychology teachers.

Projections Data	[About this section]	Back to Top

Projections data from the National Employment Matrix
Occupational title	SOC Code	Employment, 2006	Projected employment, 2016	Change, 2006-16		Detailed statistics
Occupational title	SOC Code	Employment, 2006	Projected employment, 2016	Number	Percent	Detailed statistics
Psychologists	19-3030	166,000	191,000	25,000	15	PDF	zipped XLS
Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists	19-3031	152,000	176,000	24,000	16	PDF	zipped XLS
Industrial-organizational psychologists	19-3032	1,900	2,400	400	21	PDF	zipped XLS
Psychologists, all other	19-3039	12,000	13,000	900	8	PDF	zipped XLS
NOTE: Data in this table are rounded. See the discussion of the employment projections table in the Handbook introductory chapter on Occupational Information Included in the Handbook.

Earnings	[About this section]	Back to Top

Median annual earnings of wage and salary clinical, counseling, and
school psychologists in May 2006 were $59,440. The middle 50 percent
earned between $45,300 and $77,750. The lowest 10 percent earned less
than $35,280, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $102,730.
Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers
of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists were:

Offices of mental health practitioners	$69,510
Elementary and secondary schools	61,290
Local government	58,770
Individual and family services	50,780
Outpatient care centers	50,310

Median annual earnings of wage and salary industrial-organizational
psychologists in May 2006 were $86,420. The middle 50 percent earned
between $66,310 and $115,000. The lowest 10 percent earned less than
$48,380, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $139,620.

For the latest wage information:

The above wage data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics
(OES) survey program, unless otherwise noted. For the latest National,
State, and local earnings data, visit the following pages:

Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists

Industrial-organizational psychologists

Psychologists, all other

Related Occupations	[About this section]	Back to Top

Psychologists work with people, developing relationships and comforting them. Other occupations with similar duties include counselors, social workers, clergy, sociologists, special education teachers, funeral directors, market and survey researchers, recreation workers, and human resources, training, and labor relations managers and specialists. Psychologists also sometimes diagnose and treat problems and help patients recover. These duties are similar to those for physicians and surgeons, radiation therapists, audiologists, dentists, optometrists, and speech-language pathologists.

Sources of Additional Information	[About this section]	Back to Top

Disclaimer:

Links to non-BLS Internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement.

For information on careers, educational requirements, financial assistance, and licensing in all fields of psychology, contact:

American Psychological Association, Center for Psychology
Workforce Analysis and Research and Education Directorate, 750 1st St.
NE., Washington, DC 20002. Internet: http://www.apa.org/students

For information on careers, educational requirements, certification, and licensing of school psychologists, contact:

National Association of School Psychologists, 4340 East West Hwy., Suite 402, Bethesda, MD 20814. Internet: http://www.nasponline.org

Information about State licensing requirements is available from:

Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards, P.O. Box 241245, Montgomery, AL 36124. Internet: http://www.asppb.org

Information about psychology specialty certifications is available from:

American Board of Professional Psychology, Inc., 300 Drayton St., 3rd Floor, Savannah, GA 31401. Internet: http://www.abpp.org

OOH ONET Codes	[About this section]	Back to Top

19-3031.01, 19-3031.02, 19-3031.03, 19-3032.00, 19-3039.99

Suggested citation:
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008-09 Edition,

Psychologists, on the Internet at
http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos056.htm
(visited April 26, 2008).

Last Modified Date:

December 18, 2007

Xavier Thompson’s top career interests:

Songwriter/Musician

Athlete

Psychologist (I/O, Counselling or Sports)

Sports Analyst/Reporter

CEO of a company (eg. Record Company)

DIphoeniX

~ by diphoenix on April 26, 2008.

Posted in 2007, 2008, DIphoeniX ('DI' writer/reviewer - [music & sports]), campion college, career, top, week, xavier thompson
Tags: career, clinical, DIphoeniX ('DI' writer/reviewer - [music & sports]), earn, industrial, money, psychology, sports, thompson, xavier, xavier thompson

3 Responses to “Psychology – Career”

A job as a human resource professional is extremely rewarding. It has increasingly become a major option for students as well as working professionals. A lot of institutions like management schools have specialized courses to help you get the necessary theoretical knowledge and experience in the field.

HR Jobs said this on October 14, 2008 at 9:55 am | Reply
Hi there! I like your page ;-)
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InfikeCef said this on December 27, 2008 at 6:12 pm | Reply
Just wanted to add in case any random psych majors come to your page – you don’t necessarily need a Master’s degree to pursue a doctorate in psychology. It differs by area, but many times, you can go straight to the Ph.D./Psy.D. without an MS/MA.

Richard N. Landers said this on May 16, 2009 at 12:53 am | Reply

Diphoenix’s Weblog

Psychology – Career

How much money does a psychologist earn?

Psychologists’ Earnings

Guide to Psychology Jobs

Info on Psychology Jobs

Action Steps

Tips & Tactics

Some Exciting Areas in Applied Psychology

Careers in Industrial Organizational Psychology

Introduction

A Brief History

Some Important Terms and Definitions in I/O Psychology

Some Interesting Subfields Within I/O Psychology

A Typical Day Practicing I/O Psychology

Pros and Cons of a Career in I/O Psychology

Education and Training for Careers in I/O Psychology

Employment Resources for I/O Psychology

Learning More About I/O Psychology

Outlook

Summary

Acknowledgments

Sports Psychology

Introduction

A Brief History

Some Interesting Subfields

A Typical Day Practicing Sport Psychology

Pros and Cons of a Career in Sport Psychology

Education and Training for a Career in Sport Psychology

Employment Resources for Sport Psychology

Learning More About Sport Psychology

Outlook

Summary

Acknowledgments

Careers in Educational Psychology

Introduction

A Brief History

Important Terms and Definitions

Some Interesting Subfields

A Typical Day Practicing Educational Psychology

Pros and Cons of a Career in Educational Psychology

Education and Training for Careers in Educational Psychology

Employment Resources for Educational Psychology

Learning More About Educational Psychology

Outlook

Summary

Acknowledgments

Careers in Consumer Psychology

Introduction

A Brief History

Some Interesting Subfields

A Typical Day Practicing Consumer Psychology

Pros and Cons of a Career in Consumer Psychology

Education and Training for Careers in Consumer Psychology

Employment Resources for Consumer Psychology

Learning More About Consumer Psychology

Outlook

Summary

Acknowledgments

Careers in Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Introduction

A Brief History

Important Terms and Definitions

Some Interesting Subfields

A Typical Day Practicing Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Pros and Cons of a Career in Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Education and Training for Careers in Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Employment Resources for Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Learning More About Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Outlook

Summary

Acknowledgments

Psychologists

3 Responses to “Psychology – Career”

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Definitions in I/O Psychology

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Pros and Cons of a Career
in I/O Psychology

Education and Training
for Careers in I/O Psychology

Employment Resources for
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Learning More About I/O
Psychology

Sports
Psychology

Some Interesting
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Sport Psychology

Pros and Cons of a Career
in Sport Psychology

Education and Training
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Psychology

Important Terms and
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Educational Psychology

Pros and Cons of a Career
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Learning More About Educational
Psychology

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Psychology

Some Interesting
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A Typical Day Practicing
Consumer Psychology

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in Consumer Psychology

Education and Training
for Careers in Consumer Psychology

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Consumer Psychology

Learning More About Consumer
Psychology

Careers in Clinical and Counseling
Psychology

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Clinical and Counseling Psychology

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